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Energy-Water-Land Frameworks for Data Center Siting and Operations

This white paper focuses on energy-water-land intersections for data center siting and operations. Challenges include rapid deployment of data centers and consequential uncertainty regarding the extent these facilities may impact or be constrained by water, land, and energy resou...

Macknick, J., Schneider, K., Barton, R., Hardikar, M., Martin, J., Struck, S., Lepley, K., Steward, D., Smith, F., Levine, A., Rivers, M., Rosenlieb, E., Gu, J., Podgorny, S., Castelao, G., and Leick, N.

Enabling Energy-Water Resilience in U.S. Data Centers: Water-Aware Grid Planning and Operations with Infrastructure-Compatible Cooling

Rapid, concentrated expansion of AI data centers is reshaping electricity demand profiles, local infrastructure requirements, and regional resource constraints. These facilities are often sized from tens to hundreds of megawatts with multi-gigawatt campus clusters. They are relati...

Zhou, Z., Wu, M., Qiu, F., Muehleisen, R., Zhao, D., Yan, E., and Worek, W.

Standardized Siting and Risk Analysis Decision Support Mechanisms for Water-Intensive Industries

This paper focuses on water for cooling industrial energy generation loads and energy and water for cooling large process loads. A challenge is that siting any large facility with substantial water demands without understanding baseline conditions and assessing potential multi-sec...

Fuchs, H., Karki, U., Stokes-Draut, J., Rao, P., Varadharajan, C., Hodson, A., Ajami, N., and Shehabi, A.

Aligning Bytes with Basins to Promote Data Center Growth in the U.S.

This white paper examines the water-energy tradeoffs of U.S. data-center expansion, highlighting how cooling choices, power sourcing, and siting decisions shape local water security, grid resilience, and watershed sustainability. The study focuses on integrating direct (on-site po...

Siddik, M., Turner, S., and Chinthavali, S.

A National Framework for Water-Informed Geothermal Expansion and Energy-Water Resilience

This white paper outlines the need for a coordinated, national framework to guide geothermal energy expansion in ways that use water efficiently and strengthen energy-water resilience. It highlights the opportunity to connect national-to-regional modeling with site-scale analysis,...

Wild, T., Niazi, H., DiRaddo, S., Villante, M., Goecker, A., and Chowdhury, K.

Hydrotwin: an AI-based physics and optimization framework for improved water resource resilience in systems experiencing adverse events

This white paper focuses on water for energy. As we move ahead into an uncertain future for water resource demand and supply, a massive challenge exists to optimize water systems to be resilient to a range of press/pulse extreme event states and conditions. Optimal decision-makin...

Bennett, K., Schwenk, J., and Garcia, M.

Water Availability for Cooling Systems: Assessing Demands, Constraints, and Alternative Sources for Thermoelectric Plants and Data Centers

This white paper focuses on enhancing the intersection of energy and water resilience by advancing water reuse and reclamation technologies, particularly for thermoelectric power plants and data centers. The primary goal is to efficiently manage cooling water to meet growing deman...

Pacheco, C., Cafferty, K., Reese, S., Atkinson, T., Mosier, T., and Tidwell, V.

Energy/Water Operation Smart Contract for Hydropower Plant/Data Centers

We propose an Energy/Water Operation Smart Contract that securely coordinates hydropower plant operations with energy-intensive data-center clusters using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). The smart contract provides a decentralized, tamper-resistant layer for operational contr...

Hink, R., Piesciorovsky, E., Hahn, G., Werth, A., and Wang, H.

Meeting Energy and Water Demands: Collocated Geothermal Solutions

This white paper focuses on strategies to optimize site and project-scale geothermal operations, including Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), Advanced Geothermal Systems (AGS), and hydrothermal systems, to address growing energy demands and dual challenges of water conservation an...

DiRaddo, S., Goecker, A., Villante, M., Wild, T., and Rebich, R.

Regional Energy and Water Resilience Strategies for Critical Thermoelectric Power Generation and Data Center Technologies

This white paper discusses strategies for improving water management in thermoelectric power plants and data centers by focusing on the reclamation and management of cooling water. The primary goal is to efficiently close the water cycle by processing discharged cooling water to r...

Rigby, A., and Wilson, A.

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