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Enabling Energy-Water Resilience in U.S. Data Centers: Water-Aware Grid Planning and Operations with Infrastructure-Compatible Cooling

Rapid, concentrated expansion of AI data centers is reshaping electricity demand profiles, local infrastructure requirements, and regional resource constraints. These facilities are often sized from tens to hundreds of megawatts with multi-gigawatt campus clusters. They are relati...

Zhou, Z., Wu, M., Qiu, F., Muehleisen, R., Zhao, D., Yan, E., and Worek, W.

Reinforcement Learning for Water-Energy Infrastructure Resilience and Evolution

This white paper outlines a foundational AI-based framework for improving resilience across the energy-water nexus, with a focus on electric grid and water system interdependencies under hydrologic and weather extremes. The focal area spans both "water for energy" and "energy for ...

Jackson, N., and Rao, N.

Aligning Bytes with Basins to Promote Data Center Growth in the U.S.

This white paper examines the water-energy tradeoffs of U.S. data-center expansion, highlighting how cooling choices, power sourcing, and siting decisions shape local water security, grid resilience, and watershed sustainability. The study focuses on integrating direct (on-site po...

Siddik, M., Turner, S., and Chinthavali, S.

Water Availability for Cooling Systems: Assessing Demands, Constraints, and Alternative Sources for Thermoelectric Plants and Data Centers

This white paper focuses on enhancing the intersection of energy and water resilience by advancing water reuse and reclamation technologies, particularly for thermoelectric power plants and data centers. The primary goal is to efficiently manage cooling water to meet growing deman...

Pacheco, C., Cafferty, K., Reese, S., Atkinson, T., Mosier, T., and Tidwell, V.

Quantifying Energy Use across U.S. Water Sectors: A Scalable AI/ML-Driven Framework for Data Integration and Resilience Planning

This white paper explores opportunities to quantify and characterize energy use across major U.S. water sectors, including irrigation, water supply, and water treatment, with a focus on energy for water dimension. A scalable AI/ML-driven framework will be developed to harmonize fr...

Ghimire, G., Bhanja, S., and Martinez, R.

A National Framework for Water-Informed Geothermal Expansion and Energy-Water Resilience

This white paper outlines the need for a coordinated, national framework to guide geothermal energy expansion in ways that use water efficiently and strengthen energy-water resilience. It highlights the opportunity to connect national-to-regional modeling with site-scale analysis,...

Wild, T., Niazi, H., DiRaddo, S., Villante, M., Goecker, A., and Chowdhury, K.

Accounting for Water-Energy Co-Benefits of Floating Photovoltaics (FPV)

Floating photovoltaic projects, as well as those that span over waterways (i.e. canopy), present potential technological and economic advantages over ground-mounted systems that have fueled rapid global growth in installed capacity in recent years. Aside from expanding generation,...

Fluet-Chouinard, E., Jorgensen, J., Cotter, E., Niazi, H., Wild, T., Chalishazar, V., Pracheil, B., Griffiths, N., Hansen, C., and Chowdhury, K.

Advancing Energy-Water Resilience in California: A Framework for Integrated Water and Power Management Opportunities

This white paper identifies opportunities to advance energy-water resilience in California, using the Central Valley Project (CVP) and State Water Project (SWP) system. It addresses the critical intersection of both water for energy and energy for water management, emphasizing how...

Mork, E.

Monitoring, Planning, and Management of Water Quality and Quantity for Resilient Water and Energy Systems

Both resilient systems where water is used for energy production and energy is used for treatment and operation depend not only on the quantity of water, but also quality and environmental health. Addressing gaps in environmental health and infrastructure condition/capability data...

Hansen, C., DeRolph, C., Allen-Dumas, M., Griffiths, N., Matson, P., Pilla, R., Siddik, A., Stevenson, L., and Johnson, R.

Hardening Forested Watersheds to Wildfire to Enhance Downstream Water Quality for Critical Energy Infrastructure

This white paper focuses on water-for-energy stability, emphasizing the risks to energy infrastructure from water quality impacts due to severely burned forested watersheds. The primary challenge is that energy production in the U.S. is vulnerable to surface water quality, with hi...

Crockett, J., and Krofcheck, D.

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